Since epistemology is how we know and test knowledge, it seems to me to be an error to think of the meta-model as “a set of epistemological operations” as mentioned above. The meta model simply translates from f2 into FA (just as one can translate a sentence from French into English) without making any epistemological statement about the truth of either one. The meta-model can be (and often is) taught as a set of practical techniques, without even a methodology to guide its use, much less an epistemology.